All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source. |
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY |
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: |
Design and conduct research |
SAQA US ID | UNIT STANDARD TITLE | |||
9941 | Design and conduct research | |||
ORIGINATOR | ||||
SGB Occupationally-directed ETD Practitioners | ||||
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY | ||||
- | ||||
FIELD | SUBFIELD | |||
Field 05 - Education, Training and Development | Higher Education and Training | |||
ABET BAND | UNIT STANDARD TYPE | PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL | NQF LEVEL | CREDITS |
Undefined | Regular | Level 5 | Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5 | 10 |
REGISTRATION STATUS | REGISTRATION START DATE | REGISTRATION END DATE | SAQA DECISION NUMBER | |
Passed the End Date - Status was "Registered" |
2000-10-11 | 2003-10-11 | SAQA 0532/00 | |
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT | LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT | |||
2004-10-11 | 2007-10-11 |
In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise. |
This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other unit standard. |
PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD |
Practitioners who have achieved this unit standard will be able to design a research project and conduct, write up and report on the research they have conducted.
This competence complements other ETD and occupational competences, and provides practitioners with a range of research skills. In addition, it forms a solid base for on-going occupational research and development. By promoting enquiry into lifelong learning, which is related to practice, it contributes to the ongoing development of an inquiring community of ETD practitioners. |
LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING |
Practitioners applying to enter a learning programme for this ETD standard -or applying to be assessed against this ETD standard -are assumed to have a qualification or equivalent competence in an occupation in which they will practice this ETD competence.
This standard describes the ETD competence, which will be needed for them to design and conduct research in their occupational competence. |
UNIT STANDARD RANGE |
The following statements provide a general guide to the scope and complexity of the competence expected of a practitioner:
1. Practitioners are required to demonstrate that they can perform the specific outcomes with understanding and reflexivity. However, at this level they will have internalised the "rules" or principles, which inform what they do, and will not longer be operating consciously with such rules. 2. The specific outcomes should be performed in line with an established methodology for designing and conducting research. At this level the practitioner should be able to describe two alternative methodologies; to explain how their performance would differ if they used them and to justify their choice of methodology. 3. At this level, practitioners should be able to relate knowledge beyond their occupational and ETD competences to the performance of the ETD competence described in this standard. |
Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 |
Select an area and topic for research |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Select an area and topic for research by, e. g.,
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See Notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 |
Select and apply appropriate research methodologies |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Select and apply appropriate research methodologies by, e. g.,
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See Notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 |
Design a research action plan |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Design a research action plan by, e. g.,
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See Notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 4 |
Conduct and manage the research process according to the research action plan |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Conduct and manage the research process according to the research action plan by, e. g.,
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See Notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 5 |
Evaluate the research process |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Evaluate the research process by, e. g.,
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 6 |
Make recommendations regarding future improvements to research. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 7 |
Produce and present a research report |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Produce and present a research report by, e. g.,
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 8 |
Interpret data collected. |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Interpret the data collected with regard to the research question and methodology, hypothesis and topic concepts. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
See Notes |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION NOTES |
The assessment of practitioners against this standard should meet the requirements of established assessment principles.
It will be necessary to develop assessment activities and tools, which are appropriate to the contexts in which practitioners are working. These activities and tools may include an appropriate combination of self-assessment and peer assessment; formative and summative assessment; portfolios and observations; etc. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross-field outcomes, and essential embedded knowledge's are assessed. 1. The specific outcomes must be assessed through observation of performance. Supporting evidence should be used to prove competence of specific outcomes only when they are not clearly seen in the actual performance. 2. Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. It cannot be assessed only through seeing the knowledge being applied. 3. The specific outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. If a practitioner is able to explain the essential embedded knowledge but is unable to perform the specific outcomes, they should not be assessed as competent. Similarly, if a practitioner is able to perform the specific outcomes but is unable to explain or justify their performance in terms of the essential embedded knowledge, they should also not be assessed as competent. 4. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found both in performance and in the essential embedded knowledge. 5. Performance of the specific outcomes must actively affirm target groups of learners and not unfairly discriminate against any learners. Practitioners should also be able to justify their performance in terms of these values. 6. As occupation-directed ETD practice is intended to contribute to the goals outlined in the skills plans of the workplace, enterprise or sector, practitioners should explain how their performance does this. |
UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS |
1. Anyone assessing a learner against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor with the relevant ETQA.
2. Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this unit standard or will assess this unit standard must be accredited as a provider with the relevant ETQA. 3. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA according to the moderation guidelines in the relevant qualification and the agreed ETQA procedures. Therefore anyone wishing to be assessed against this unit standard may apply to be assessed by any assessment agency, assessor or provider institution, which is accredited by the relevant ETQA. |
UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE |
Practitioners should be able to demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of:
1. A range of research methodologies. 2. Communication techniques. 3. Validation techniques. 4. Data interpretation techniques. 5. Self management techniques. 6. Project management techniques. 7. Concepts underpinning research. 8. Acceptable formats for research action plans and techniques for compiling an action plan. 9. Information retrieval, including resource centres, libraries and electronic sources. 10. Acceptable methods for publishing research findings. 11. Appropriate research technologies. 12. Group dynamics and facilitation of groups skills. 13. Conceptual knowledge relating to the research topic. 14. Outcomes-based forms of designing and conducting research which are consistent with the aims and objectives of the National Qualifications Framework and Skills Development Strategy. 15. Forms of practice which, promote the values described in the Bill of Rights and the principles underpinning the Employment Equity Act. |
Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING |
Identify and solve problems regarding, e. g.,
|
UNIT STANDARD CCFO WORKING |
Work in teams, e.g.,
|
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING |
Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information, as this is the essence of the research project. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING |
Communicate effectively as both in the process of research as well as in the sharing of research results; communication is an essential part of the research project. |
UNIT STANDARD NOTES |
VALUES
The ETD practice outlined in this unit standard should promote the values of affirmation and non-discrimination as described in the Bill of Rights and Employment Equity Act. |
QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: |
ID | QUALIFICATION TITLE | PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL | NQF LEVEL | STATUS | END DATE | PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY | |
Core | 13740 | Certificate: Occupation-directed Education, Training and Development Practice | Level 5 | Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Registered" |
2003-10-11 | Was ETDP SETA until Last Date for Achievement |
Core | 13741 | Diploma: Occupation-directed Education, Training and Development Practice | Level 5 | Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Registered" |
2003-10-11 | Was ETDP SETA until Last Date for Achievement |
Core | 13742 | Degree: Occupation-directed Education, Training and Development Practice | Level 6 | Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L6 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Registered" |
2003-10-11 | ETDP SETA |
Elective | 64650 | National Diploma: Early Childhood Development | Level 5 | NQF Level 05 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2020-07-30 | As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual |
PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: |
This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here. |
1. | ACADEMY OF PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD |
2. | Accreditation & Training Services |
3. | AFRICA COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT (PTY) LTD |
4. | Aldabri 106 Institute for Quality (Pty) Ltd |
5. | Amogelang Marketing and Training |
6. | Assessment and Entrepreneurship Centre |
7. | ASSESSMENT COLLEGE OF SOUTH AFRICA PTY LTD |
8. | ATS Institute |
9. | ATTE - The Training Edge |
10. | BOLAND COLLEGE |
11. | Brainwave Projects 1997 CC |
12. | Business Development Unit (PTY)Ltd |
13. | Caversham Education Institute |
14. | College of Cape Town - Athlone Campus |
15. | Compass Academy of Learning |
16. | Convergent Ideas cc |
17. | CORE TRAINING INTERNATIONAL |
18. | Dee s Training PTY LTD |
19. | Directflo |
20. | Early Learning Foundation Montessori Teacher Training |
21. | EDU-Bless College |
22. | Edu-Build Institute |
23. | EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION ASSOCIATION INC |
24. | EDUTEL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD |
25. | FALSE BAY TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION & TRAINING COLLEGE |
26. | FLAVIUS MAREKA FET COLLEGE |
27. | FURNITURE WORLD TRAINING CENTRE |
28. | Goldfields TVET College |
29. | Grassroots Adult Education and Training Trust |
30. | Guru Group of Learning (Pty) Ltd |
31. | GWALA TRAINING SERVICES |
32. | HDPSA |
33. | Headspace Consulting (PTY) Ltd |
34. | INGWE FET COLLEGE |
35. | Institute of Professional Studies and Services |
36. | Isibani Skills Academy |
37. | Itireleng Bokamoso Trading Development Services and Associates |
38. | Katiso-kuno Consulting |
39. | Khululeka Community Education Centre |
40. | Klein Karoo Resource Centre |
41. | Learning Performance Link |
42. | Leronsa Trading Enterprise |
43. | Li Lichule Trading cc |
44. | Loago Business Consulting |
45. | MACCAUVLEI LEARNING ACADEMY (PTY) LTD |
46. | MATHS CENTRE INCORPORATING SCIENCES |
47. | MENTORNET (PTY) LTD |
48. | Mochochonono Training Solutions cc |
49. | Montessori Teacher Training Centre South Africa |
50. | Northern Cape Urban College: Kimberley Campus |
51. | Northlink College |
52. | Northshore Trading 19CC t/a Makakhaunye Training and Development Agency |
53. | Orbit FET College - Central Office |
54. | Petra institute of Development (PTY) Ltd |
55. | Pro-Ed Training |
56. | QPD CONSULTANTS |
57. | Resonance Institute of Learning |
58. | Rhodes University |
59. | SANTS College |
60. | Sirius Training |
61. | Sisazi Consulting |
62. | Siyahluma Education Institute |
63. | SKU Training and Assessment |
64. | South Cape Public FET College - George Campus |
65. | Sustainability Institute Trust |
66. | Tembe Service Providers |
67. | Thabelanang t/a Thabelanang Trading Enterprise |
68. | The College of Modern Montessori |
69. | THE GMC GROUP PTY LTD |
70. | The Institute of People Development |
71. | The Iscariota Group (Pty) Ltd |
72. | Tshwane Leadership & Management Academy/Tshwane Metro Police |
73. | Tshwane South College for (ECD Academy) |
74. | Ulwazi Training & Development |
75. | Umzansi Educational Programs Centre |
76. | UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OUTCOMES SA |
77. | VERYCOOLIDEAS |
78. | Vuselela TVET College |
79. | Winston Academy |
80. | World Wide Education Providers(Pty)Ltd |
All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source. |